James Arthur Baldwin, 1924-1987, an African-American author and social critic, was born to Emma Berdis Jones in Harlem, New York City, on 2 August 1924. His stepfather, David Baldwin, died of tuberculosis in 1943. When Baldwin was 13 years old, he published his first article, in the Frederick Douglass Junior High School magazine, The Douglass Pilot. Baldwin went on to become the editor of the literary magazine at DeWitt Clinton High School. He started writing short stories and essays as a student and published his first piece in a nationally-acclaimed journal in 1947. He completed his first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain, in 1953. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, he gave lectures across the United States about racial inequality. In 1970, he moved to Satin-Paul-de-Vence, France. During his lifetime, Baldwin published a total of six novels, two plays, and nine collections of shorter works, including Notes of a Native Son (1955). He received many awards for his writing, including the Guggenheim Fellowship, the Eugene F. Saxton Memorial Trust Award, and the Foreign Drama Critics Award. Baldwin died in France on 1 December 1987.