Title: | Jonathan Krause Rare Newspaper and Magazine Collection |
Collection No.: | E302.1 .J76 |
Dates: | 1648-1881 |
Quantity: | Quantity: 1000 items(ca.) |
Abstract: | The Jonathan Krause Rare Newspaper and Magazine Collection consists of approximately 900 original issues of historical newspapers and magazines, with a focus on late 18th- and early 19th-century American publications. |
Language: | Materials are in English. |
Repository: | Lilly Library 1200 E. Seventh St. Bloomington, Indiana 47405-5500 Business Number: 812-855-2452 liblilly@indiana.edu URL: https://libraries.indiana.edu/lilly-library |
Jonathan Krause is a retired Southern California teacher, with a strong and longstanding interest in American history. He assembled this collection of historical newspapers over approximately ten years. He was diligent in finding materials in the field, particularly newspaper publications of writings by the so-called Founding Fathers of the United States.
The Jonathan Krause Rare Newspaper and Magazine Collection consists of approximately 900 original issues of historical newspapers and magazines, with a focus on late 18th- and early 19th-century American publications. Mr. Krause's goal in building the collection was to focus on issues that included the texts of writings by important historical figures. This is an often overlooked area of historical research, in that many scholars look primarily at early monographic publications, rather than periodicals. Printed books and pamphlets typically cost a great deal more than periodicals, and so their readership was necessarily more limited in many respects. The essays, letters, speeches, and excerpts from larger works, which were often published in various periodicals, provide a glimpse into the ways these texts were disseminated to contemporary readers.
The newspapers and magazines are listed under categories and titles applied by Mr. Krause, with his notes on selected items included. Titles established by Mr. Krause are listed in all capitals.
This collection is open for research.
Many collections are housed offsite; retrieval requires advance notice. Please make an appointment a minimum of one week in advance of your visit.
Photography and digitization may be restricted for some collections. Copyright restrictions may apply. Before publishing, researchers are responsible for securing permission from all applicable rights holders, then filling out the Permission to Publish form.
[Item], Jonathan Krause Rare Newspaper and Magazine Collection, Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
Purchase: 2016
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First in American history.
Includes Benjamin Franklin 122 and Bill of Rights 642
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 414
General: Includes Shays' Rebellion 674 (July 17, 24, October 19); Constitution 636 (August 24, 28); Thomas Jefferson 239 (August 28); and John Hancock 228 (October 19)
General: Adams perspective on Renaissance politics and inferentially on his own time, prompting Jefferson to label him as a monarchist and causing a rupture between them.
Includes Benjamin Franklin 128
General: 2 copies
General: Includes Edmond Burke 52 and George Washington 576
General: Includes James Madison 445
General: Last, most controversial of these essays and omitted from definitive first edition book of 1805 by Adams. Sealed the opinion of the Jeffersonians and history that Adams was a monocrat and an elitist. Found nowhere else but in this newspaper.
General: Originally written in 1780.
See: Benjamin Franklin 125 (November 25) and Benjamin Franklin 126 (November 28)
General: See: Thomas Paine 497 and Joseph Priestly 539
General: 2 copies (also Thomas Paine 504)
General: Documents of such devoutness and religiosity unlike anything by Washington and Lincoln, or any other American president or politician.
General: Documents of such devoutness and religiosity unlike anything by Washington and Lincoln, or any other American president or politician.
General: First recognition of a black government in history, continuing the trade agreement—the so-called Toussaint clause—with St. Domingo (Haiti), led by ex-slave Toussaint Louverture, in revolt against France.
General: See: George Washington 608
General: 8 documents
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 308
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 309
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Supplement to Volume 15 (page 10).
Includes Thomas Jefferson 312, James Madison 466, and Mordecai Manuel Noah 841
General: One of the most significant series of political essays in American history, especially from the conservative viewpoint.
General: Includes Edmund Burke 54
General: Includes Edmund Burke 55
General: Includes Edmond Burke 55
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: A traitor tries to seduce and inveigle the American troops to desert to the British side.
See: Alexander Hamilton 129 and George Washington 546
General: Expressing an almost religious love of and belief in France and its revolution.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of the most famous and historic speeches of the eighteenth century.
General: One of the most famous and historic speeches of the eighteenth century.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: John Quincy Adams 36
General: See: John Quincy Adams 40 (July 20) and John Quincy Adams 41 (July 27)
General: Includes Anti-Jefferson 337, Toussaint Louverture 435, and Napoleon Bonaparte 898. 2 copies (also Anti-Jefferson 336)
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 227
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Thomas Jefferson 291
General: Includes Thomas Jefferson 292
General: Includes Thomas Paine 517
General: Coxe was a writer on the Constitution and economic issues and a government official, who had once supplied the statistical data for Hamilton's important Report on Manufactures (1791), and was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Treasury by Hamilton. He had been a Federalist but decided to join Jefferson's Democratic Republicans. In The Federalist essays, he derided Adams as a closet monocrat and aristocratic sympathizer, as Jefferson had done years earlier in a private letter that had been made public, precipitating a feud that lasted more than twenty years. After Adam's victory, Jefferson would become Vice-President, but the two would barely speak during Adams' presidency -- Jefferson being shut out of all important decisions, mainly by the cabinet, who were mostly holdovers from Washington's administration, and Hamilton's personal squad of spies, although he was no longer in government.
General: See: Thomas Paine 518
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: The most famous and significant political essays written before the American Revolution, No. 1 being the rarest and most historical of the series.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: With Jefferson. Last milestone on road to Declaration of Independence
See: Thomas Jefferson 238
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Besides the Federalist Papers, the most important essays supporting ratification of the Constitution, especially favored by Washington.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First work of Franklin published in England.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Perhaps the first political essay of Franklin's published in England.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First political essay Franklin published in England.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Phyllis Wheatley 610
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of the founding documents of America and the basis for the Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress under which we operated until the Constitution.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: With Silas Deane and Arthur Lee.
Includes Revolutionary War 627
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes extract of Washington letter.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 132
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of the most famous in American history.
See: Alexander Hamilton 134
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First mention of a possible union of the American colonies.
Includes George Washington 562, George Washington 563, and Bill of Rights 642
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes James Madison 444, George Washington 565, and George Washington 566
General: See: John Adams 3
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Benjamin Franklin 124 and George Washington 572
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 123
General: Includes John Adams 4, George Washington 574, and French Revolution 935
General: Includes John Adams 4 and Benjamin Franklin 127
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 126
General: See: John Adams 6
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Benedict Arnold 46 and George Washington 546
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: George Washington 548
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Benjamin Franklin 115
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First and only appearance of a Federalist Paper in an American magazine, including Numbers 2-6.
Includes John Jay 230 and Thomas Jefferson 240
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Benjamin Franklin 116 and John Jay 231, John Jay 232, John Jay 233
General: Attacking in the letters the character of Governor Clinton as the leader of the Anti-Federalist (anti-Constitutional) forces. Hamilton reviews the constitutional issues before and during ratification process to show unfitness of Clinton to be re-elected governor of New York.
General: First mention and excerpts from one of the great state papers in American history.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of the great state papers in American history.
Includes Thomas Paine 487 (April)
General: Hamilton's idea for an industrial park and beginning of independent America.
See French Revolution 937 and French Revolution 942
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of the great state papers in American history.
General: Beginning of newspaper war with Jefferson.
General: Attributed to Hamilton by Philip Marsh.
General: Attacking Jefferson.
General: Listed as IV.
General: Includes Thomas Paine 498
General: Attributed to Hamilton by Philip Marsh.
General: The Pacificus-Helvidius (Hamilton-Madison) debate is the most famous and significant constitutional debate in American history.
Includes Toussaint Louverture 411 (July 20)
General: 2 copies
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 411 (July 24)
General: 2 copies. Includes Toussaint 409
General: Includes Hamilton 181 and Toussaint Louverture 36 (July 19)
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 180
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 409 and Toussaint Louverture 412
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 410 (July 29)
General: Attacking French Revolution and Jeffersonian attitudes.
General: See: James Madison 448
General: See: James Madison 450
General: Hamilton's final response to Madison.
General: Continues attack on Madison and Jefferson.
General: On Whisky Rebellion and Constitution.
Includes Whiskey Rebellion 671
General: On Whisky Rebellion and Constitution.
General: On Whisky Rebellion and attacks on Congress.
General: On Jay Treaty.
General: Defending Washington and self on corruption charges.
General: Defending Washington and self on corruption charges.
Includes George Washington 596
General: The Phocions were Anti-Jefferson essays on the eve of 1796 election.
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: I originally acquired the Phocions because of Ron Chernow's attribution to Hamilton. After extensive research and discussion with scholars, I have concluded that the consensus of his contemporaries that attributed the Phocion essays to William Loughton Smith is "probably" correct, although some historical and stylistic problems remain. Chernow's attribution to Hamilton, seconded by historian John Ferling (predicated on Chernow's attribution), probably rested on a false premise. Since Hamilton had used the Phocion pseudonym in two 1784 essays, when Chernow found the 1796 Phocions on a visit to the New York Historical Society, he and or the historical society confused them, believing the 1784 pseudonym of Hamilton was also used by him on the 1796 essays. I talked with the New York Historical Society, and they have a catalog entry with William Loughton Smith as the author of the 1796 Phocions. The prolific production of twenty- five essays in five weeks, the mastery of economic detail (although Smith may have had help from Oliver Wolcott Jr., who succeeded Hamilton as Treasury Secretary), plus the Beckley letter to Madison on October 15, 1796, where he attributes Phocion to Hamilton, could easily lead one to Hamilton. Hamilton may still have written them, and for political reasons (such as wanting to run for president in the future), allowed-instructed Smith to take the credit. Smith was a congressman, colleague, and friend of Hamilton, who pushed Hamilton's agenda vigorously in Congress. At this point, authorship is an open question, although the evidence leans toward Smith. Smith published "The Pretensions of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency Examined" in 1796, supposedly a compilation of the Phocion essays published in the Gazette of the United States. (Regardless of who is the author, these essays may well have played a part in the 1796 election victory of Adams over Jefferson, which was the intention of the essays.)
General: Intercepted by Aaron Burr and released to the Republican press (the Aurora) before Hamilton could publish it in pamphlet form. It proved to be a catalyst for Jefferson's victory in the 1800 election and the beginning of the end of Hamilton's career and the Federalist party.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Attacking the Jefferson administration and Hamilton's final defense and review of the Constitution and his own record.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Aaron Burr 58
General: See: John Adams 1
General: Includes Constitution 637
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First appearance in an American magazine
See: Alexander Hamilton 133
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 134
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 134
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 134
General: Includes French Revolution 954
General: Includes Thomas Jefferson 274
General: See: Thomas Paine 514
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: On the eve of the first Continental Congress, the concluding part of Jefferson's first significant political writing, an early unpublished and shortened version of A Summary View. Found nowhere else except the Library of Congress. Earliest reference to a Jefferson writing.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Conclusion of Jefferson's first published opus, a founding document of America, and a precursor of Declaration of Causes and Declaration of Independence. One of first public mentions of Jefferson. First and maybe only excerpts of A Summmary View in a paper.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: With John Dickinson. Last milestone on road to the Declaration of Independence.
Includes John Dickinson 70 and Revolutionary War 617
General: See: John Adams 1
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 133
General: One of his most famous.
General: Responding to their tribute to deceased Franklin, shows split in Washington cabinet and country between pro-French Jeffersonians and pro-British Federalists.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Most notorious missive of Jefferson's career.
General: Jefferson unusually in this kind of letter vents against the hated Federalists whose "distortions and perversions of truth and justice" and the "lacerations of its slanders" still compel us to willingly if reluctantly submit to maintain our freedom.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Anti-Jefferson 324 and Napoleon Bonaparte 895
General: First mention of Sally Hemings and one of the most scandalous articles in American history.
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 434, Anti-Jefferson 332, Anti-Jefferson 333
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: 2 copies. Also in bound volume, The Portfolio, 1802-1803
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: bound volume, The Portfolio, 1802-1803
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: bound volume, The Portfolio, 1802-1803
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 273
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: bound volume, The Portfolio, 1802-1803
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Anti-Jefferson 325
General: Includes Anti-Jefferson 326
General: Implicating Jefferson in a possible corruption scandal involving Callender's attacks on Adams and Washington.
General: Includes Anti-Jefferson 345, Anti-Jefferson 340, Anti-Paine 521, and Toussaint Louverture 438
General: Includes Anti-Jefferson 350 and Toussaint Louverture 440
General: Includes Anti-Jefferson 353
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 352
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Jefferson 279 and Louisiana Territory and Purchase 648
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 278
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: This deals with the application of Hamet Karamanli, former Bashaw of Tripoli, to be restored to the throne now occupied by his brother. Six months previously, a force of eight US Marines and hundreds of mercenaries had captured Derna, leading to the end of the war. This was the first time the American flag was raised in victory on foreign soil (memorialized in the Marines Hymn, "the shores of Tripoli"). Wearied of the blockade and raids, and attempts to restore his brother to the throne, Yusuf Karamanli signed a peace treaty in June 1805. In agreeing to pay a ransom of $60,000 for the American prisoners, the Jefferson administration drew a distinction between paying tribute and paying ransom.
General: Also JEFFERSON LETTER ON COMMERCE WITH ST. DOMINGO (HAITI)
General: See: Aaron Burr 60
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
General: New England conspiring and trading with Canadians to avoid effects of Jefferson's embargo.
General: Includes James Monroe 474
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Issued in consequence of the opposition, in the neighborhood of Lake Champlain, to the laws laying down an embargo.
Pamphlet.
General: See: James Madison 454
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Jefferson mentions Czar Alexander's capture of Paris, the loss of independence and self-government for certain countries and cities, the continued dominance of the Napoleonic moral code and the British government, and the necessity for America to look after itself.
General: See John Adams 28
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See John Adams 29
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: John Adams 30 (page 10)
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of few private letters from their correspondence published in a newspaper in their lifetimes.
2 copies.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes James Madison 467
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Jefferson winning 1800 election because slaves are counted as 3/5 of a human being in the voting, giving a huge advantage to slaveholders.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Attacking Adams and Washington.
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 261
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 436 and Napoleon Bonaparte 900
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 437 and Napoleon Bonaparte 902
General: He not only broke the story of Sally Hemings but implicated Jefferson shortly before in a corruption scandal where Jefferson had paid and encouraged Callender in his books and articles to attack Adams and Washington with lies and exaggerations
See: Thomas Jefferson 260
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: 2 copies (also Aaron Burr 56). Includes Anti-Jefferson 337, and Toussaint Louverture 435, and Napoleon Bonaparte 898
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 262
General: See: Napoleon Bonaparte 896
General: October 9 includes Anti-Jefferson 340 and Anti-Paine 520
See: Anti-Jefferson 347 for October 16
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 339 (October 9), Anti-Jefferson 344 (October 12), Thomas Jefferson 268 (October 13), and Anti-Jefferson 347 (October 16). Excludes October 20.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 264
General: Jefferson's cowardice as Governor of Virginia.
See: Thomas Jefferson 264
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Napoleon Bonaparte 897
General: See: Aaron Burr 56 or Anti-Jefferson 336 (2 copies)
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 346 (October 15)
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 344 (October 12) and Anti-Jefferson 346 (October 15)
General: About Washington and Hamilton.
Includes Anti-Jefferson 342 and Anti-Jefferson 343 (October 12)
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 268 (October 13). Excludes October 20.
General: Includes Anti-Jefferson 342, Anti-Jefferson 343, and Anti-Paine 522
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 347
General: Jefferson's attack on Washington.
Includes Anti-Jefferson 339, Anti-Jefferson 348, Toussaint Louverture 439, and Anti-Paine 523
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 269
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 270
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: As the Republicans had attacked Hamilton in the Reynold's Affair, so the Federalists claimed that during the Revolution, Jefferson unseemly pressed his attentions on the wife of his absent neighbor, who later suggested a duel to remedy the situation, causing Jefferson years later to make his only admission of guilt.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Mention of the three women most associated with Jefferson. Maria Cosway, an Italian/English artist and socialite, was the love of Jefferson's life, who met the envoy to France in 1786. Exchanging love letters in the early days, they carried on a random correspondence for the rest of Jefferson's life.
General: See: bound volume, The Portfolio, 1802-1803
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Mountain of Salt.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: In which the latter vindicates himself against the groundless charges and insinuations made by the governor and other.
Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
General: Plus famous correspondence between Captain Bainbridge of USS Constitution and British General Hislop of the Java.
General: The above essays represent the most famous and significant constitutional debate in American history.
General: 2 copies. Includes Alexander Hamilton 191
General: Includes Alexander Hamilton 192
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 121
General: Includes John Adams 9
General: Includes French Revolution 945
General: Includes Thomas Jefferson 303
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of Madison's most religious utterances, similar in its religiosity to those found in Washington, Adams, and Lincoln.
General: Includes War of 1812 745
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
General: Ending War of 1812.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: John Adams 30 (page 10)
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 316
General: Late analysis of the Constitution during the nullification controversy.
General: Historic final word on the Constitution by the father of the Constitution.
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 315
General: Includes French Revolution 941
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 299
General: Bradford Edition of February 14, 1776, containing an additional 30 percent of material (the appendix and letter to the Quakers). Paine's celebrated biographer, David Freeman Hawke, said: "In the last line of the Appendix every American was asked to become...a virtuous supporter of the rights of mankind, and of the free and independent states of America."
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First UK printing.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Revolutionary War 628
General: Broadsheet.
General: Size: Small
General: Includes George Washington 549
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: I believe this might be a letter by Paine. In the first line of the letter Common Sense (Paine ?) intends to write a reply to Lord Sheffield's pamphlet, but four months before in December, 1783, he has already written a reply. The style is close enough to be Paine, but others have used the Common Sense pseudonym. Many of Paine's lesser works are almost impossible to find (and not listed in his Complete Works). The Gimble collection of Thomas Paine Papers at the American Philosophical Society may be able to shed more light.
See: George Washington 993
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 157
General: Includes Joseph Priestly 535
General: See: Joseph Priestly 536
General: Includes Joseph Priestly 537
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: One of the first Parisian reactions to the news that Louis had fled to Varennes. Le Republicain was a new Parisian newspaper, created by the Societe Republicain, whose members included Paine, Condorcet and Brissot. It lasted for only a few issues, but at that moment was in the vanguard of progressiveness. Paine's letter called for a French Republic, an idea even the Jacobins had not yet embraced. He was all for exiling Louis to America rather than killing him and having him become a catalyst for royalist discontent all over Europe (see Paine series). It prompted a debate with Abbe Sieyes (see Paine series) on the nature and value of monarchies and republics. Paine was moving the revolutionary ball forward, toward a constitution in the American mold. But principled men like La Fayette and Paine would give way to the radical Robespierre and his ilk. In America, Paine had been considered a leftist extremist. In France, he would come to be seen as counter-revolutionary. But on the political continuum he had always remained in the same position. He could be as practical as Hamilton, yet no one upheld the humanist ideals of the Enlightenment more than he.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Joseph Priestly 539 and John Adams 11
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 171
General: Rare broadsheet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
General: 2 copies (also John Adams 13)
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 442
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 441 and Napoleon Bonaparte 904 (November 25)
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 441
General: Includes Anti-Paine 527
General: Includes Anti-Paine 530
General: Includes Thomas Jefferson 275
General: See: Aaron Burr 62
General: Includes Stephen Decatur 64
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 339
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 268
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 346
General: See: Toussaint Louverture 437
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 441 and Napoleon Bonaparte 904 (November 29)
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Paine 511. Excludes December 6.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: bound volume, The Portfolio, 1802-1803. Excludes December 11.
General: See: Thomas Paine 512 (December 16)
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: bound volume, The Portfolio, 1802-1803
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Paine 489
General: Includes Thomas Paine 490
General: See: Thomas Paine 491
General: See: Thomas Paine 497
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 121
General: First State of the Union Address in American history.
General: Includes George Washington 587
General: Broadsheet supplement to the Norwich Packet.
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 200
General: See: George Washington 585
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Concern for the condition and treatment of American soldiers prompts this letter to the commander in chief of the British forces in North America a few months after the Battle of Bunker Hill. Washington threatens to treat British soldiers as Americans are treated. He says the rebel soldiers act from the noblest of principles, a love of freedom and their country, and that the rights of humanity are binding on the British.
Also GENERAL GAGE'S LETTER TO WASHINGTON.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of the prisoners mentioned in the letter is Washington's enemy, General Charles Lee.
See: Revolutionary War 1050
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Maybe a significant "unknown" Washington.
See: Revolutionary War 1050
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Revolutionary War 626
See: Revolutionary War 1050
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 129
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Just before Battle of Yorktown and possible disinformation for General Clinton.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Alexander Hamilton 130
General: See: Thomas Paine 485
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of Washington's greatest works.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: Washington, like Jefferson and Madison, was always looking for winning schemes regarding land speculation, as the majority of southern slaveholders had constant problems raising cash.
Author: George Washington
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 119
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 120
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 121
General: One of the most fervent religious utterances of Washington's political life.
General: See: George Washington 567
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 123
General: Washington's only bequest in his lifetime to an institution of higher learning was to Washington College.
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 125
General: See: John Adams 5
General: See: George Washington 586
General: Includes French Revolution 953
General: Discussion of Constitution and separation of powers.
General: Most famous address in American history.
General: See: John Jay 235
General: Washington was in retirement and the very last thing he would want was to be pulled away from Mount Vernon. He was an old man by the standards of the day at sixty-six. But he would do his duty if there was an invasion of the homeland by the French during this quasi-war period. Until that unlikely time, he suggested to Adams that Hamilton was the best man to whip the army into shape. There was bad blood between Adams and Hamilton, which erupted in the 1800 campaign and may have cost Adams the presidency. Adams strongly objected, insisting Washington orchestrate the preparations. Washington wouldn't budge with Adams ultimately capitulating to Washington's desire. This is a stirring, patriotic letter yet anchored by Washington's fervent hope there would be no serious hostilities. This is one of this last letters to make it into the newspapers and Washington had only about a year to live. The Washington Papers indicate that after the second paragraph of the letter, there was a short paragraph missing from this newspaper which said, "Upon this ground have I accepted my commission; and upon this ground I trust that every true American will be prepared to defend his Country against foreign encroachments; and to perpetuate the blessings which he enjoys under his own Government."
General: ALSO JOHN ADAMS LETTER TO THE SENATE
General: See John Adams 24
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 98
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 238
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Mention of General Charles Lee , one of the prisoners, who had badmouthed and undermined Washington in aid of securing his job as commander of the Continental Army. Still Washington named Fort Lee after him. At the Battle of Monmouth in 1778, Lee ordered a premature retreat and was relieved of his command by Washington for disobeying oders and insubordination.
Also GENERAL HOWE'S LETTERS TO WASHINGTON ON PRISONERS OF WAR
Also GENERAL BURGOYNE'S PROCLAMATION , a hyperbolic attack on American rebels, supposedly the catalyst for Washington's Manifesto . (See: Washington 544, 545)
Also GENERAL BURGOYNE'S LETTER TO SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES GEORGE GERMAIN ON THE TAKING OF FORT TICONDEROGA After this success would come the disaster of the Battle of Saratoga, convincing the French the Americans could win, precipitating their entrance into the war.
Also GENERAL HOWE IN JERSEY AND GENERAL CORNWALLIS ON STATEN ISLAND
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: George Washington 544
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 102
General: See: Thomas Paine 480
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: The final attempt to keep American British, rejected by Adams and the Congress; too little, too late.
Also BRITISH ABANDON BOSTON AND BLOCKADE OF QUEBEC
General: Response to Clinton's Manifesto. See Item 1051
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Follows very closely the Definitive Treaty of Paris, September, 1783.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First English printing.
General: See: John Adams 1
General: See: Patrick Henry 229
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: First English printing.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 119 (April) and John Adams 3 (June)
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 195
General: See: John Adams 1 (July 17, 24, October 19)
General: One of the most racist speeches in history.
General: One of the most famous speeches on economics in American history.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: War of 1812 746
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Letter appearing only in Noah's book and presidential correspondence.
See: John Adams 30 (pages 9-13)
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Recovered from his sister while he was on the run before he was shot.
General: See: Frederick Douglass 762
General: See Frederick Douglass 763
General: Brown's very heartfelt and spiritual unburdening at the prospect of death.
General: Includes John Brown 749
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Anticipating Lincoln and rescinded by Lincoln.
General: See: Wendell Phillips 846
General: Order No. 11, issued by Grant in December 1862, ordered the expulsion of Jews from the Department of the Tennessee due to suspicion of illegal trade. This letter is the only public explanation Grant ever offered on the subject as it was broached during the 1868 presidential campaign.
General: See Reconstruction 776
General: The Enforcement Acts, three bills passed in 1870-71, were criminal codes that supposedly protected African-Americans' rights to vote, hold office, and to serve on juries and receive equal protection under the law. Grant, who was tired of the violent tactics of the Ku Klux Klan, ordered them to disperse from South Carolina and lay down their arms under the authority of the Enforcement Acts. There was no response, so Grant issued a suspension of habeas corpus in nine counties of South Carolina, ordering troops in the state to round up and disarm the Klan.
General: See Reconstruction 1055
General: Anticipating Lincoln and rescinded by Lincoln.
General: See: Wendell Phillips 850
General: One of the most liberal generals in the US Army, Hunter freed the blacks on his own in 1862 in the vast territory that he controlled, only to have Lincoln rescind his order to placate the border states (See item 777).
General: Also contains PARAPHRASE OF A SPEECH BY WENDELL PHILLIPS ON THE WAR
General: The most racist speech by an American president.
General: See Reconstruction 791
General: See Reconstruction 786
General: See Reconstruction 787
General: War was not waged for the purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor for overthrowing or interfering with the rights or established institutions of the states, but to defend the Constitution and preserve the Union. War was forced upon the country by disunionists of the South.
General: See Reconstruction 788
General: See Reconstruction 789
General: Johnson, a sympathizer of the south and a slaveholder, despite being an avowed unionist, wants the military governments in the southern states to lighten the burden of draconian regulations and make the oppressive atmosphere of military rule less prevalent. He seems to have a problem with Negroes being allowed to vote, especially since they haven't asked for that right. He considers the purpose of the bill to change the character and structure of the state governments, and to compel them to accept laws they are unwilling to accept if left to themselves. He, like the South, was never fully contrite or acknowledged the sin of slavery. He considers the powers given to military officers amounts to absolute despotism, and the nine million southerners are bereft of any legal defense, since local control is overridden by the military.
General: See Reconstruction 790
General: Restoration of all property except as to slaves and that civil authority might be reestablished as long as its legislation will conform to the condition of affairs growing out of the amendment to the Constitution prohibiting slavery. In many cases the former slaveholders had to take loyalty oaths and deliver them personally to Johnson, who had always hated the genteel landowners, as he came from the lowest and poorest class of whites. This is his revenge. He wanted to avoid in general a retaliatory and vindictive policy with its attendant pains, disqualifications, penalties and disenfranchisements, and have the former southern members of Congress seated and brought back into the government. The Radical Republicans would impeach Johnson for his obstructionist policies during Reconstruction and his leniency to the unrepentant South.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: The only communication published during the expedition and one of the most historic letters in American history.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Very famous letter.
General: Suggesting the renaming of the Columbia to Lewis River.
General: Supplement to the New York Times.
General: Also features letter from Elizabeth Cady Stanton (page 6) declining the invitation to join the "Lady Managers" of the Mount Vernon Association, stating: "Until we give the world freedom, and a new type of womanhood, we have no energies to spend elsewhere."
General: One of Lincoln's little known great speeches.
General: 2 copies
General: Lincoln stays the execution for two weeks to allow Gordon to get his affairs in order. Gordon was the first and only slave-trader in the history of the United States to be tried, convicted, and hanged in accordance with the Constitution and federal law. On August 7, 1860 897 slaves were taken on board his ship, Erie, in West Africa, 334 adults and the rest children. It was said he preferred them because they could not rebel against his cruelties. His ship was captured by USS Mohican. Despite Lincoln's well-known compassion and inclination to issue pardons, this he could not abide. The trial judge, Worcester Aegis, said, "Think of the sufferings of the unhappy beings whom you crowded on the Erie; of their helpless agony and terror as you took them from their native land; …Do not flatter yourself that because they belonged to a different race from yourself, your guilt is therefore lessened— rather fear that it is increased. In the just and generous heart, the humble and the weak inspire compassion, and call for pity and forbearance. As you are soon to pass into the presence of that god of the black man as well as the white man, who is no respecter of persons, do not indulge for a moment the thought that he hears with indifference the cry of the humblest of his children. On another related case, perhaps less egregious, Lincoln had said, "I believe I am kindly enough in nature and can be moved to pity and to pardon the perpetrator of almost the worst crime that the mind of man can conceive or the arm of man can execute; but any man, who, for paltry gain and stimulated only by avarice, can rob Africa of her children to sell into interminable bondage, I never will pardon, and he may stay and rot in jail before he will ever get relief from me."
General: See: Wendell Phillips 849
General: Going over Lincoln's head to make the case for arming blacks.
General: Full Title: "The Colonization of People of African Descent. Interview with President Lincoln. Speech of the President. He holds that the White and Black Races Cannot Dwell Together. He urges Colored Men to Exert Themselves for Colonization. He suggests Central America as the Colony."
General: In the scandalous meeting at the White House in August with some free blacks, Lincoln contemned and undignified them, deemed them the cause of the war, said black and white could never live together, and desired them to emigrate to certain distant shores (such as Chiriqui, Panama) where they could live peaceably and autonomously, the achievement of which would be assisted by the governement (see Item 819). Now, three months later, they are waiting to hear from Lincoln. This is happening only two months after the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. On December 31, 1862, the night before the main Emancipation Proclamation was to go into effect, Lincoln was meeting with Bernard Kock, a shady operator, to discuss colonization (self-deportation) plans for the free blacks. On April 16, Lincoln delivered a proclamation -- a repudiation of an agreement with Bernard Kock. On February 1, 1864, Lincoln issued an executive order -- regarding the colonization experiment, ending his hopes to relocate the free black population of America outside its borders. Lincoln's views on colonization are revealed in the 1861, but especially the 1862 state of the union message.
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: Unlike after the Battle of Gettysburg, where Lincoln could still produce the Gettysburg Address, he was particularly devastated by the losses and senseless slaughter of Fredericksburg which caused him to fall into a slough of despond that worried everybody around him, and contributed to the flat and uninspiring message to the troops-so uncharacteristically un-Lincolnian.
General: The letter to McClellan is almost a year old. It was likely not released at the time due to its controversial nature, as it would not be helpful to the war effort to see the President dressing down his general for not being aggressive enough in trying to take Richmond. Appearing in one of the most prominent southern papers, it was meant to embarrass Lincoln. In the end, Lincoln allowed McClellan to have his way with disastrous results. Their contentious relationship began even before Lincoln was president. McClellan took every opportunity to insult Lincoln, who eventually removed him from command. They never reconciled, especially after McClellan lost the presidential election to Lincoln. The general orders also from the period of the letter, referring to the General's dilatoriness.
General: See item 839 very last speech of Lincoln.
Shows Lincoln was ruminating on reconstruction as early as 1863. There is also an important report by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.
General: As with the above proclamations, and especially with this one, Lincoln exhibits his piety, humility and employment of exalted religious imagery, much as Washington, Adams, and even Madison had in the past on days of fasting and thanksgiving.
General: Also JEFFERSON DAVIS' STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS
General: In which Lincoln dismisses importance of Emancipation Proclamation.
General: Many dispatches signed by Lincoln. Also those of Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens, Seward, and Grant.
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: Given how close it is to the end of the war, Lincoln makes some rather surprisingly uncomplimentary remarks about blacks and their use by the South in the fighting.
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: Lincoln's last words many found uninspiring. His mind was trained on reconstruction, and he hoped to use the example of Louisiana and its constitution as a model for the South. Always the conservative conciliator, he wanted to bring the South back to the fold gently rather than wreak condign punishment on his defeated brethren as the Radical Republicans preferred. In his last speech, Lincoln pushes for a limited black franchise, something no previous president had done. The Fifteenth amendment would pass in 1870. Almost the final words he would speak publically involve an historical mystery, perhaps a message of hope. He said, "In the present situation" as the phrase goes, "it may be my duty to make some new announcement to the people of the South. I am considering, and shall not fail to act, when satisfied that action will be proper." Booth was in the audience and made up his mind then and there.
General: See: John Wilkes Booth 1042
General: Also features advertisement for full report on the proceedings of the Tenth National Woman's Rights Convention.
General: Includes William Lloyd Garrison 774
General: Includes Abraham Lincoln 814
General: Includes David Hunter 778
Also features "WOMAN AND THE PRESS" proposal for a women's journal by Mary Louise Booth (founding editor of Harper's Bazaar in 1867) and Polish-American doctor Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska who established women's medical programs and hospitals in the United States).
General: Also features Lucretia Mott speech (page 82)
General: His own account of the southern campaign.
General: The definitive explication of racist theology of the South by the vice-president of the Confederacy.
General: The first of the triumvirate of great anti-slavery speeches by Sumner.
General: One of the great anti-slavery speeches of the 19th century; his beating was precipitated by the speech and one of landmark events leading to Civil War.
General: One of the great anti-slavery speeches of 19th century and his first speech upon returning to the Senate.
General: Bitter attack on Lincoln by liberal Radical Republicans who want him replaced as President.
General: Includes Spotted Tail 866
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Red Cloud 857
General: See: Crazy Horse 757
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Secretly funded by Jefferson and Madison, the Gazette was the principal organ of opposition to Hamilton, Washington and the Federalist government's agenda and philosophy.
See: George Washington 579
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 159
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 159
General: See: Toussaint Louverture 408
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: One of the greatest atrocities of the war. Earlier heinous acts committed by the Confederacy and Jefferson Davis' inflammatory language had prompted Lincoln to issue the Order of Retaliation in July 1863 as a response. The implicit threat of a tit-for-tat matter of revenge did not dissuade the rebels from further atrocities. Lincoln never responded in kind. After Fort Pillow, the majority of his cabinet wrote lengthy memos defending retribution, and had the support of most of the northern newspapers. Lincoln never activated the order.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: (page 222)
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: (page 404)
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 278 (January 4)
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Boundaries, physical description, inhabitants, laws.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See Andrew Johnson 786
General: See Andrew Johnson 787
General: War was not waged for the purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor for overthrowing or interfering with the rights or established institutions of the states, but to defend the Constitution and preserve the Union. War was forced upon the country by disunionists of the South.
General: See Andrew Johnson 788
General: See Andrew Johnson 789
General: Johnson, a sympathizer of the south and a slaveholder, despite being an avowed unionist, wants the military governments in the southern states to lighten the burden of draconian regulations and make the oppressive atmosphere of military rule less prevalent. He seems to have a problem with Negroes being allowed to vote, especially since they haven't asked for that right. He considers the purpose of the bill to change the character and structure of the state governments, and to compel them to accept laws they are unwilling to accept if left to themselves. He, like the South, was never fully contrite or acknowledged the sin of slavery. He considers the powers given to military officers amounts to absolute despotism, and the nine million southerners are bereft of any legal defense, since local control is overridden by the military.
General: See Andrew Johnson 790
General: Restoration of all property except as to slaves and that civil authority might be reestablished as long as its legislation will conform to the condition of affairs growing out of the amendment to the Constitution prohibiting slavery. In many cases the former slaveholders had to take loyalty oaths and deliver them personally to Johnson, who had always hated the genteel landowners, as he came from the lowest and poorest class of whites. This is his revenge. He wanted to avoid in general a retaliatory and vindictive policy with its attendant pains, disqualifications, penalties and disenfranchisements, and have the former southern members of Congress seated and brought back into the government. The Radical Republicans would impeach Johnson for his obstructionist policies during Reconstruction and his leniency to the unrepentant South.
General: See Andrew Johnson 791
General: See Ulysses S. Grant 776
General: The Enforcement Acts, three bills passed in 1870-71, were criminal codes that supposedly protected African-Americans' rights to vote, hold office, and to serve on juries and receive equal protection under the law. Grant, who was tired of the violent tactics of the Ku Klux Klan, ordered them to disperse from South Carolina and lay down their arms under the authority of the Enforcement Acts. There was no response, so Grant issued a suspension of habeas corpus in nine counties of South Carolina, ordering troops in the state to round up and disarm the Klan.
General: See Ulysses S. Grant 1055
General: This was the historic first step. The radical Republicans in the House of Representatives had tried and failed to successfully pass the amendment. A second vote four months later was closer but still unsuccessful. The abolitionists failed to get a two-thirds majority. It would happen only after Lincoln's re-election in January 1865. The ratification by the states took almost another year but the final process concluded on December 6, 1865.
General: One of the most famous speeches by a Native American in history.
General: See: James Madison 461
General: Includes Andrew Jackson 779
General: See: Benjamin Franklin 125
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 159
General: See: George Washington 579
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 159
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 159
General: See: James Monroe 471
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 159
General: See: Federalists versus Republicans 679
General: See: James Madison 446
General: See: Federalists versus Republicans 680
General: See: Federalists versus Republicans 681
General: See: Federalists versus Republicans 682
General: See: Federalists versus Republicans 683
General: See: Federalists versus Republicans 684
General: See: Toussaint Louverture 408
General: It preceded the country's first republican constitution. Officially adopted, it never went into effect. The difference between this document and the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man is the stress on equality in the 1793 version, including new rights, and revisions to prior ones: to work, to public assistance, to education, and to resist oppression. It was written by the Jacobins after they had expelled the Girondists, and did not fully express their radicalism. Along with the 1789 document, it was one of the first great political statements on the need for human rights and dignity concerning the individual.
General: Also contains JEFFERSON CIRCULAR TO MERCHANTS AS SECRETARY OF STATE, regarding plundering by privateers sponsored by England and France
General: See: George Washington 589
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: After the Battle of Culloden, the last pitched-battle fought on English soil, the spark of Scottish independence is doused forever, along with the clan system, various traditions, and any lingering Stuart sympathies. While the Duke of Cumberland commits atrocities in the Highlands, Charles, on the run, escapes to France and remains in exile.
General: Comments from Mr. Krause: It is historically ironic that Marx always looked kindly on America and felt Russia was unalterably backward, given their stances toward his ideas. In the early 1850s, Marx was living in poverty with his family in London, mainly existing on handouts from Engels. Marx had done some sporadic journalism, and maybe occasionally got paid. But a job with The Daily Tribune would mean an income, however small. It was an anti-slavery paper with the largest circulation in America, a welcome platform to possibly disseminate Marx's and Engels' political philosophy, if it came to that. The future bugbear of capitalism would write to Engels in 1862, "If only I knew how to start some sort of business! All theory, dear friend, is grey, and only business green." While Marx had published The Communist Manifesto in 1848, an English edition would not appear for another forty years. Das capital appeared in the 1890's. America would barely know Marx during his lifetime.
General: Napoleon threatened to march against the fortress city of Acre if Djezzar didn't support him against other Islamist groups. The day of the letter, Napoleon ordered the slaughter of 4000 Muslim prisoners from Djezzar's army after the siege of Jaffa. Djezzar declined to support Napoleon, who marched on Acre, suffering his first defeat, ruining his ambition to crown himself the new "white" Sultan, failing to take India from the British, and ultimately being pushed out of the Middle East altogether. At Acre, 600 years before, Richard the Lionheart had slaughtered 3000 Muslim prisoners during the Third Crusade.
General: See: Toussaint Louverture 425
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Reference to Toussaint by name by Napoleon.
See: Toussaint Louverture 428
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 260
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 327
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 335
General: See: Aaron Burr 56 or Anti-Jefferson 336 (2 copies)
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 338
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 341
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Thomas Paine 507 (November 25) and Anti-Paine 525 (November 29)
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes French Revolution 951
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 177 (July 10), Alexander Hamilton 185 (July 27)
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 180 (July 19) and Alexander Hamilton 186 (July 29)
General: See: Alexander Hamilton 182 (July 20) and Alexander Hamilton 183 (July 24)
General: Any slave who fights for French republic would be free and a citizen of France.
See: Alexander Hamilton 185
General: First recognition of any black government.
General: See: John Adams 23
General: See: John Adams 25
General: 2 copies
General: 2 copies
General: Proof of his treachery regarding the restoration of slavery.
Includes Napoleon Bonaparte 888
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Includes Toussaint Louverture 431. 3 copies (June 26), 2 copies (July 3)
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: See: Toussaint Louverture 428
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Proof of Napoleon's treachery regarding slavery.
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 264
General: See: Aaron Burr 56 or Anti-Jefferson 336 (2 copies)
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 338
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 341
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 268
General: See: Anti-Jefferson 347
General: See: Thomas Jefferson 269
General: See: Thomas Paine 507 (November 25), Anti-Paine 525 (November 29), Thomas Paine 509 (December 2), Thomas Paine 511 (December 9). Excludes December 6.
General: See: Thomas Paine 508
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Yorktown of English Civil War, leading to execution of Charles I and maybe first defeat of monarch by citizen army.
Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pre-newspaper newsbook.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Sending Charles ll into exile ending English Civil War.
Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
General: Pamphlet.
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small
Physical Description: Size: Small